Hot topics
Mascherina per tutti? La scienza dice sì
Fondazione GIMBEEvidence 2020;12(4): e1000208 doi: 10.4470/E1000208
Pubblicato: 27 aprile 2020
Copyright: © 2020 Fondazione GIMBE Questo è un articolo open-access, distribuito con licenza Creative Commons Attribution, che ne consente l’utilizzo, la distribuzione e la riproduzione su qualsiasi supporto esclusivamente per fini non commerciali, a condizione di riportare sempre autore e citazione originale.
1. World Health Organization. Advice on the use of masks in the context of covid-19: Interim guidance. 6 Apr 2020. Disponibile a: www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
2. World Health Organisation. Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza. 2019. Disponibile a: www.who.int/influenza/publications/public_health_measures/publication/en. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
3. Centers for Disease Control. How to protect yourself. 4 Apr 2020. Disponibile a: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fprepare%2Fprevention.html. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Using face masks in the community. Stockholm: ECDC; 8 April 2020. Disponibile a: www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/using-face-masks-community-reducing-covid-19-transmission. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
5. Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, et al. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020;369:m1435.
6. Howard J, Huang, A, Li Z, et al. Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review. Preprints 2020, 2020040203 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1).
7. Gandhi M, Yokoe DS, Havlir DV. Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19. N Engl J Med April 24, 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe2009758
8. Greenhalgh T, Howard J. Masks for all? The science says yes. 13 Apr 2020. Disponibile a: www.fast.ai/2020/04/13/masks-summary. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
9. To KK, Tsang OT, Leung WS, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 23]. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099(20)30196-1. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1
10. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1177–1179.
11. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1406–1407.
12. Zhang J, Litvinova M, Wang W, et al. Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive and modelling study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 2]. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099(20)30230-9. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30230-9
13. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020;382(16):1564–1567.
14. Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 - Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:411–415.
15. Wells WF. 1934. On air-borne infection: study II. Droplets and droplet nuclei. Am J Epidemiol 1934;20: 611–18.
16. Duguid JP. The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei. J Hyg (Lond) 1946;44:471–479.
17. Morawska L, Johnson GR, Ristovski ZD. Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities. J Aerosol Sci 2009;40:256–69.
18. Yan J, Guha S, Hariharan P, Myers M. Modeling the Effectiveness of Respiratory Protective Devices in Reducing Influenza Outbreak. Risk Anal. 2019;39:647–661.
19. Tian L, LI X, Qi F et al. Calibrated intervention and containment of the covid-19 pandemic. 4 April 2020 arXiv:2003.07353v4.
20. Bradford WD, Mandich A. Some state vaccination laws contribute to greater exemption rates and disease outbreaks in the United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2015;34:1383–1390.
21. Leffler, Christopher & Ing, Edsel & Pratt, Dennis & Grzybowski, Andrzej. (2020). Country-wide Mortality from the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Notes Regarding Mask Usage by the Public. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.36006.27200.
22. Brosseau LM, Sietsema M. Commentary: Masks-for-All for COVID-19 Not Based on Sound Data. CIDRAP, 1 April 2020. Disponibile a: www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/commentary-masks-all-covid-19-not-based-sound-data. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
23. Cassell MM, Halperin DT, Shelton JD, Stanton D. Risk compensation: the Achilles’ heel of innovations in HIV prevention?. BMJ 2006;332:605–607.
24. Rojas Castro D, Delabre RM, Molina JM. Give PrEP a chance: moving on from the “risk compensation†concept. J Int AIDS Soc 2019;22 Suppl 6:e25351.
25. Ouellet JV. Helmet use and risk compensation in motorcycle accidents. Traffic Inj Prev 2011;12:71–81.
26. Peng Y, Vaidya N, Finnie R, et al. Universal Motorcycle Helmet Laws to Reduce Injuries: A Community Guide Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2017;52:820–832.
27. Houston DJ, Richardson LE. Risk Compensation or Risk Reduction? Seatbelts, State Laws, and Traffic Fatalities. Soc Sci Q 2007;88: 913–36.
28. Abaluck J, Chevalier JA, Christakis NA, et al. The Case for Universal Cloth Mask Adoption and Policies to Increase Supply of Medical Masks for Health Workers (April 1, 2020). Disponibile a: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3567438 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567438. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
2. World Health Organisation. Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza. 2019. Disponibile a: www.who.int/influenza/publications/public_health_measures/publication/en. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
3. Centers for Disease Control. How to protect yourself. 4 Apr 2020. Disponibile a: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fprepare%2Fprevention.html. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Using face masks in the community. Stockholm: ECDC; 8 April 2020. Disponibile a: www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/using-face-masks-community-reducing-covid-19-transmission. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
5. Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, et al. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020;369:m1435.
6. Howard J, Huang, A, Li Z, et al. Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review. Preprints 2020, 2020040203 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1).
7. Gandhi M, Yokoe DS, Havlir DV. Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19. N Engl J Med April 24, 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe2009758
8. Greenhalgh T, Howard J. Masks for all? The science says yes. 13 Apr 2020. Disponibile a: www.fast.ai/2020/04/13/masks-summary. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
9. To KK, Tsang OT, Leung WS, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 23]. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099(20)30196-1. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1
10. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1177–1179.
11. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1406–1407.
12. Zhang J, Litvinova M, Wang W, et al. Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive and modelling study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 2]. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;S1473-3099(20)30230-9. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30230-9
13. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020;382(16):1564–1567.
14. Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 - Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:411–415.
15. Wells WF. 1934. On air-borne infection: study II. Droplets and droplet nuclei. Am J Epidemiol 1934;20: 611–18.
16. Duguid JP. The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei. J Hyg (Lond) 1946;44:471–479.
17. Morawska L, Johnson GR, Ristovski ZD. Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities. J Aerosol Sci 2009;40:256–69.
18. Yan J, Guha S, Hariharan P, Myers M. Modeling the Effectiveness of Respiratory Protective Devices in Reducing Influenza Outbreak. Risk Anal. 2019;39:647–661.
19. Tian L, LI X, Qi F et al. Calibrated intervention and containment of the covid-19 pandemic. 4 April 2020 arXiv:2003.07353v4.
20. Bradford WD, Mandich A. Some state vaccination laws contribute to greater exemption rates and disease outbreaks in the United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2015;34:1383–1390.
21. Leffler, Christopher & Ing, Edsel & Pratt, Dennis & Grzybowski, Andrzej. (2020). Country-wide Mortality from the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Notes Regarding Mask Usage by the Public. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.36006.27200.
22. Brosseau LM, Sietsema M. Commentary: Masks-for-All for COVID-19 Not Based on Sound Data. CIDRAP, 1 April 2020. Disponibile a: www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/commentary-masks-all-covid-19-not-based-sound-data. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.
23. Cassell MM, Halperin DT, Shelton JD, Stanton D. Risk compensation: the Achilles’ heel of innovations in HIV prevention?. BMJ 2006;332:605–607.
24. Rojas Castro D, Delabre RM, Molina JM. Give PrEP a chance: moving on from the “risk compensation†concept. J Int AIDS Soc 2019;22 Suppl 6:e25351.
25. Ouellet JV. Helmet use and risk compensation in motorcycle accidents. Traffic Inj Prev 2011;12:71–81.
26. Peng Y, Vaidya N, Finnie R, et al. Universal Motorcycle Helmet Laws to Reduce Injuries: A Community Guide Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2017;52:820–832.
27. Houston DJ, Richardson LE. Risk Compensation or Risk Reduction? Seatbelts, State Laws, and Traffic Fatalities. Soc Sci Q 2007;88: 913–36.
28. Abaluck J, Chevalier JA, Christakis NA, et al. The Case for Universal Cloth Mask Adoption and Policies to Increase Supply of Medical Masks for Health Workers (April 1, 2020). Disponibile a: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3567438 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567438. Ultimo accesso: 27 aprile 2020.