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Monopolio e prezzo dei farmaci: il caso del sofosbuvir
Paolo PiergentiliEvidence 2017;9(7): e1000169 doi: 10.4470/E1000169
Ricevuto: 13 aprile 2017 Accettato: 9 maggio 2017 Pubblicato: 21 settembre 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Piergentili. Questo è un articolo open-access, distribuito con licenza Creative Commons Attribution, che ne consente l’utilizzo, la distribuzione e la riproduzione su qualsiasi supporto esclusivamente per fini non commerciali, a condizione di riportare sempre autore e citazione originale.
1. Islam I. Rising Cost Of Drugs: Where Do We Go From Here? Health Affairs Blog, Agosto 2015. Disponibile a: www.healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/08/31/rising-cost-of-drugs-where-do-we-go-from-here. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
2. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Branded Medicine Price Increases and the Impact of Off-Invoice Discounts and Rebates, 2016. Disponibile a: www.imshealth.com/files/web/IMSH%20Institute/Healthcare%20Briefs/IIHI_Branded_Medicine_Price_Increases_Healthcare_Brief.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
3. Bhatia HK, Harmanjit Singh H, Grewal N et al. Sofosbuvir: A novel treatment option for chronic hepatitis C infection. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2014;5:278–84.
4. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
5. Piergentili P. Il prezzo del sofosbuvir. Report di una inchiesta del Senato degli Stati Uniti. noiseFromAmerika, 29 gennaio 2016. Disponibile a: www.noisefromamerika.org/articolo/prezzo-sofosbuvir-report-inchiesta-senato-stati-uniti-0. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
6. US Securities and Exchange Commission. 2014 Form 10-K Annual Report, Commission File No. 0-19731. Gilead Science Inc. p. 55, nota 2. Disponibile a: www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/882095/000088209515000008/a2014form10-k.htm#s295CE237BFF96BD6BD81F3AD480E6062. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals. Disponibile a: www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm#a5. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
8. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hepatitis B and C surveillance in Europe, 2012. www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/hepatitis-b-c-surveillance-europe-2012-july-2014.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
9. Hope VD, Eramova I, Capurro D et al. Prevalence and estimation of hepatitis B and C infections in the WHO European Region: a review of data focusing on the countries outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:270-86.
10. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 13. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
11. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 22 e Appendix E, p. 1162. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
12. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 23-5. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
13. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 23. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
14. Gilead Sciences Inc. Annual Reports 2011-2015. www.investors.gilead.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69964&p=irol-reportsannual. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
15. Gliead Sciences. A phase 1b study evaluating GS-9820 in subjects with lymphoid malignancies. Disponibile a: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01705847?term=GS-9820&rank=1. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
16. Investopedia. Opportunity cost. Disponibile a: www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
17. Kesselheim AS, Avorn J, Sarpatwari A. The high cost of prescription drugs in the United States. Origins and prospects for reform. JAMA. 2016;316:858-71.
18. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 94. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
19. van de Ven N, Fortunak J, Simmons B et al. Minimum target prices for production of direct-acting antivirals and associated diagnostics to combat hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2015;61:1174-82.
20. Hill A, Khoo S, Fortunak J et al. Minimum costs for producing hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals for use in large-scale treatment access programs in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:928-36.
21. Appleby J. Tracking who makes money on a brand-name drug. Kaiser Health News, 6 ottobre 2016. Disponibile a: www.khn.org/news/tracking-who-makes-money-on-a-brand-name-. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
22. Gilead Sciences Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Financial Results, press release, www.gilead.com/news/press-releases/2014/2/gilead-sciences-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2013-financial-results. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
23. Gilead Sciences announces third quarter 2014 financial results. Disponibile a: www.gilead.com/news/press-releases/2014/10/gilead-sciences-announces-third-quarter-2014-financial-results. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
24. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 82. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
25. www.kff.org/medicare/state-indicator/total-medicare-beneficiaries. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
26. Gilead Sciences announces fourth quarter and full year 2015 financial results. Disponibile a: www.gilead.com/news/press-releases/2016/2/gilead-sciences-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2015-financial-results. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
27. DiMasi JA, Grabowsky HG, Hansen RW. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs. J Health Econ 2016;47:20-33.
28. Hay M, Thomas DW, Craighead JL et al. Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32:40-51.
29. Avorn J. The $2.6 billion pill-methodologic and policy considerations. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1877-9.
30. Mestre-Ferrandiz J, Sussex J, Towse A. The R&S cost of a new medicine. London: Office of Health Economics, 2012. Disponibile a: www.ohe.org/publications/rd-cost-new-medicine#. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
31. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 117. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
32. Stigliz JE, Jayadev A. Medicine for tomorrow: some alternative proposals to promote socially beneficial research and development in pharmaceuticals. J Generic Medicines, 2010;7:217-26.
33. Investopedia. Consumer Surplus. Disponibile a: www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumer_surplus.asp. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
34. Boldrin M, Levine DK. The pharmaceutical industry. In: Boldrin M, Levine DK. Against Intellectual Monopoly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
35. Baker D. Working Paper: The Upward Redistribution of Income: Are Rents the Story? Center for economic and Policy Research, 2015. Disponibile a: www.cepr.net/documents/working-paper-upward-distribution-income-rents.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
36. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Medicines use and spending in the U.S. – A Review of 2015 and Outlook to 2020. Disponibile su richiesta a: www.imshealth.com/en/thought-leadership/ims-institute/reports/medicines-use-and-spending-in-the-us-a-review-of-2015-and-outlook-to-2020. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
2. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Branded Medicine Price Increases and the Impact of Off-Invoice Discounts and Rebates, 2016. Disponibile a: www.imshealth.com/files/web/IMSH%20Institute/Healthcare%20Briefs/IIHI_Branded_Medicine_Price_Increases_Healthcare_Brief.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
3. Bhatia HK, Harmanjit Singh H, Grewal N et al. Sofosbuvir: A novel treatment option for chronic hepatitis C infection. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2014;5:278–84.
4. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
5. Piergentili P. Il prezzo del sofosbuvir. Report di una inchiesta del Senato degli Stati Uniti. noiseFromAmerika, 29 gennaio 2016. Disponibile a: www.noisefromamerika.org/articolo/prezzo-sofosbuvir-report-inchiesta-senato-stati-uniti-0. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
6. US Securities and Exchange Commission. 2014 Form 10-K Annual Report, Commission File No. 0-19731. Gilead Science Inc. p. 55, nota 2. Disponibile a: www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/882095/000088209515000008/a2014form10-k.htm#s295CE237BFF96BD6BD81F3AD480E6062. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals. Disponibile a: www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm#a5. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
8. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hepatitis B and C surveillance in Europe, 2012. www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/hepatitis-b-c-surveillance-europe-2012-july-2014.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
9. Hope VD, Eramova I, Capurro D et al. Prevalence and estimation of hepatitis B and C infections in the WHO European Region: a review of data focusing on the countries outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:270-86.
10. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 13. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
11. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 22 e Appendix E, p. 1162. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
12. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 23-5. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
13. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 23. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
14. Gilead Sciences Inc. Annual Reports 2011-2015. www.investors.gilead.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69964&p=irol-reportsannual. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
15. Gliead Sciences. A phase 1b study evaluating GS-9820 in subjects with lymphoid malignancies. Disponibile a: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01705847?term=GS-9820&rank=1. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
16. Investopedia. Opportunity cost. Disponibile a: www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
17. Kesselheim AS, Avorn J, Sarpatwari A. The high cost of prescription drugs in the United States. Origins and prospects for reform. JAMA. 2016;316:858-71.
18. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 94. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
19. van de Ven N, Fortunak J, Simmons B et al. Minimum target prices for production of direct-acting antivirals and associated diagnostics to combat hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2015;61:1174-82.
20. Hill A, Khoo S, Fortunak J et al. Minimum costs for producing hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals for use in large-scale treatment access programs in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:928-36.
21. Appleby J. Tracking who makes money on a brand-name drug. Kaiser Health News, 6 ottobre 2016. Disponibile a: www.khn.org/news/tracking-who-makes-money-on-a-brand-name-. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
22. Gilead Sciences Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Financial Results, press release, www.gilead.com/news/press-releases/2014/2/gilead-sciences-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2013-financial-results. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
23. Gilead Sciences announces third quarter 2014 financial results. Disponibile a: www.gilead.com/news/press-releases/2014/10/gilead-sciences-announces-third-quarter-2014-financial-results. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
24. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 82. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
25. www.kff.org/medicare/state-indicator/total-medicare-beneficiaries. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
26. Gilead Sciences announces fourth quarter and full year 2015 financial results. Disponibile a: www.gilead.com/news/press-releases/2016/2/gilead-sciences-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2015-financial-results. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
27. DiMasi JA, Grabowsky HG, Hansen RW. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs. J Health Econ 2016;47:20-33.
28. Hay M, Thomas DW, Craighead JL et al. Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32:40-51.
29. Avorn J. The $2.6 billion pill-methodologic and policy considerations. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1877-9.
30. Mestre-Ferrandiz J, Sussex J, Towse A. The R&S cost of a new medicine. London: Office of Health Economics, 2012. Disponibile a: www.ohe.org/publications/rd-cost-new-medicine#. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
31. Committee on Finance, US Senate. The Price of Sovaldi and its Impact on the U.S. Health Care System. 2015, Washington DC, p. 117. Disponibile a: www.finance.senate.gov/download/the-price-of-sovaldi-and-its-impact-on-the-us-health-care-system-full-report. Washington: US Government Publishing Office, 2015. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
32. Stigliz JE, Jayadev A. Medicine for tomorrow: some alternative proposals to promote socially beneficial research and development in pharmaceuticals. J Generic Medicines, 2010;7:217-26.
33. Investopedia. Consumer Surplus. Disponibile a: www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumer_surplus.asp. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
34. Boldrin M, Levine DK. The pharmaceutical industry. In: Boldrin M, Levine DK. Against Intellectual Monopoly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
35. Baker D. Working Paper: The Upward Redistribution of Income: Are Rents the Story? Center for economic and Policy Research, 2015. Disponibile a: www.cepr.net/documents/working-paper-upward-distribution-income-rents.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.
36. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Medicines use and spending in the U.S. – A Review of 2015 and Outlook to 2020. Disponibile su richiesta a: www.imshealth.com/en/thought-leadership/ims-institute/reports/medicines-use-and-spending-in-the-us-a-review-of-2015-and-outlook-to-2020. Ultimo accesso: 21 settembre 2017.