Guidelines & Standards
SPIRIT Statement 2013: checklist per il protocollo dei trial clinici
An-Wen Chan, Jennifer M. Tetzlaff, Douglas G. Altman, Andreas Laupacis, Peter C. Gøtzsche, Karmela Krleža-Jeric, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson, Howard Mann, Kay Dickersin, Jesse A. Berlin, Caroline J. Doré, Wendy R. Parulekar, William S.M. Summerskill, Trish Groves, Kenneth F. Schulz, Harold C. Sox, Frank W. Rockhold, Drummond Rennie, David MoherEvidence 2016;8(8): e1000148 doi: 10.4470/E1000148
Pubblicato: 30 agosto 2016
Copyright: © 2013 Chan AW et al. Questo è un articolo open-access, distribuito con licenza Creative Commons Attribution, che ne consente l’utilizzo, la distribuzione e la riproduzione su qualsiasi supporto esclusivamente per fini non commerciali, a condizione di riportare sempre autore e citazione originale.
1. Rennie D. Trial registration: a great idea switches from ignored to irresistible. JAMA 2004;292:1359-62.
2. Strengthening the credibility of clinical research. Lancet 2010;375:1225.
3. Summerskill W, Collingridge D, Frankish H. Protocols, probity, and publication. Lancet 2009;373:992.
4. Jones G, Abbasi K. Trial protocols at the BMJ. BMJ 2004;329:1360.
5. Groves T. Let SPIRIT take you... towards much clearer trial protocols. BMJ Group Blogs. 25 September 2009. Disponibile a: http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2009/09/25/trish-groves-let-spirit-take-you-towards-much-clearer-trial-protocols. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
6. Altman DG, Furberg CD, Grimshaw JM, Rothwell PM. Lead editorial: trials-using the opportunities of electronic publishing to improve the reporting of randomised trials. Trials 2006;7:6.
7. Turner EH. A taxpayer-funded clinical trials registry and results database. PLoS Med 2004;1:e60.
8. Coultas D. Ethical considerations in the interpretation and communication of clinical trial results. Proc Am Thorac Soc.2007;4:194-8.
9. Siegel JP. Editorial review of protocols for clinical trials. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1355.
10. Murray GD. Research governance must focus on research training. BMJ 2001;322:1461-2.
11. Chan A-W. Access to clinical trial data. BMJ 2011;342:d80.
12. Miller JD. Registering clinical trial results: the next step. JAMA 2010;303:773-4.
13. Krleža-Jeric K, Chan A-W, Dickersin K, Sim I, Grimshaw J, Gluud C. Principles for international registration of protocol information and results from human trials of health related interventions: Ottawa statement (part 1). BMJ 2005;330:956-8.
14. Lassere M, Johnson K. The power of the protocol. Lancet 2002;360: 1620-2.
15. Getz KA, Zuckerman R, Cropp AB, Hindle AL, Krauss R, Kaitin KI. Measuring the incidence, causes, and repercussions of protocol amendments. Drug Inf J 2011;45:265-75.
16. Public Citizen Health Research Group v. Food and Drug Administration, 964 F Supp. 413 (DDC 1997).
17. Tetzlaff JM, Chan A-W, Kitchen J, Sampson M, Tricco A, Moher D. Guidelines for randomized clinical trial protocol content: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2012;1:43.
18. Chan A-W, Hro´bjartsson A, Haahr MT, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG. Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: comparison of protocols to published articles. JAMA 2004;291:2457-65.
19. Smyth RM, Kirkham JJ, Jacoby A, Altman DG, Gamble C, Williamson PR. Frequency and reasons for outcome reporting bias in clinical trials: interviews with trialists. BMJ 2011;342:c7153.
20. Pildal J, Chan A-W, Hro´bjartsson A, Forfang E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC. Comparison of descriptions of allocation concealment in trial protocols and the published reports: cohort study. BMJ 2005;330:1049.
21. Mhaskar R, Djulbegovic B, Magazin A, Soares HP, Kumar A. Published methodological quality of randomized controlled trials does not re?ect the actual quality assessed in protocols. J Clin Epidemiol 2012;65:602-9.
22. Hro´bjartsson A, Pildal J, Chan A-W, Haahr MT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC. Reporting on blinding in trial protocols and corresponding publications was often inadequate but rarely contradictory. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:967-73.
23. Scharf O, Colevas AD. Adverse event reporting in publications compared with sponsor database for cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3933-8.
24. Chan A-W, Hro´bjartsson A, Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG. Discrepancies in sample size calculations and data analyses reported in randomized trials: comparison of publications with protocols. BMJ 2008;337:a2299.
25. Al-Marzouki S, Roberts I, Evans S, Marshall T. Selective reporting in clinical trials: analysis of trial protocols accepted by The Lancet. Lancet 2008;372:201.
26. Herna´ndez AV, Steyerberg EW, Taylor GS, Marmarou A, Habbema JD, Maas AI. Subgroup analysis and covariate adjustment in randomized clinical trials of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Neurosurgery 2005;57:124453.
27. Gøtzsche PC, Hro´bjartsson A, Johansen HK, Haahr MT, Altman DG, Chan A-W. Constraints on publication rights in industry-initiated clinical trials. JAMA 2006;295:1645-6.
28. Gøtzsche PC, Hro´bjartsson A, Johansen HK, Haahr MT, Altman DG, Chan A-W. Ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials. PLoS Med 2007;4:e19.
29. Lundh A, Krogsbøll LT, Gøtzsche PC. Access to data in industry-sponsored trials. Lancet. 2011;378:1995-6.
30. Hopewell S, Dutton S, Yu LM, Chan A-W, Altman DG. The quality of reports of randomised trials in 2000 and 2006: comparative study of articles indexed in PubMed. BMJ 2010;340:c723.
31. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ 2013;346:e7586.
32. Moher D, Schulz KF, Simera I, Altman DG. Guidance for developers of health research reporting guidelines. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000217.
33. Tetzlaff JM, Moher D, Chan A-W. Developing a guideline for clinical trial protocol content: Delphi consensus survey. Trials 2012;13:176.
34. World Medical Association. WMA Declaration of Helsinki-Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Disponibile a: www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index.html. UYltimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
35. International Conference on Harmonisation. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: General Considerations for Clinical Trials: E8. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 17 July 1997. Disponibile a: www.ich.org/?leadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Ef?cacy/E8/Step4/E8_Guideline.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
36. International Conference on Harmonisation. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: E9. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 5 February 1998. Disponibile a: www.ich.org/?leadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Ef?cacy/E9/Step4/E9_Guideline.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
37. International Conference on Harmonisation. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Guideline for Good Clinical Practice: E6. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 10 June 1996. Disponibile a: www.ich.org/?leadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Ef?cacy/E6_R1/Step4/E6_R1__Guideline.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
38. Grimes DA, Hubacher D, Nanda K, Schulz KF, Moher D, Altman DG. The Good Clinical Practice guideline: a bronze standard for clinical research. Lancet 2005;366:172-4.
39. Sim I, Chan A-W, Gu¨lmezoglu AM, Evans T, Pang T. Clinical trial registration: transparency is the watchword. Lancet 2006;367:1631-3.
40. Laine C, De Angelis C, Delamothe T, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, Haug C, et al. Clinical trial registration: looking back and moving ahead. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:275-7.
41. Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, HR 2580, 110th Congress, 1st Sess, Title VIII, §801 (2007). Expanded Clinical Trial Registry Data Bank. Disponibile a: www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill_h110-3580. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
42. European Commission. Communication from the Commission regarding the guideline on the data ?elds contained in the clinical trials database provided for in Article 11 of Directive 2001/20/EC to be included in the database on medicinal products provided for in Article 57 of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 (2008/C 168/02). Of?cial Journal of the European Union. 2008;51:3-4.
43. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D; CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:726-32.
44. National Research Council. A National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century: Reinvigorating the NCI Cooperative Group Program. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.
45. Chan A-W. Out of sight but not out of mind: how to search for unpublished clinical trial evidence. BMJ 2012;344:d8013.
46. Wieseler B, Kerekes MF, Vervoelgyi V, McGauran N, Kaiser T. Impact of document type on reporting quality of clinical drug trials: a comparison of registry reports, clinical study reports, and journal publications. BMJ 2012;344: d8141.
47. Reveiz L, Chan A-W, Krleža-Jeric K, Granados CE, Pinart M, Etxeandia I, et al. Reporting of methodologic information on trial registries for quality assessment: a study of trial records retrieved from the WHO search portal. PLoS One 2010;5:e12484.
48. Dwan K, Altman DG, Cresswell L, Blundell M, Gamble CL, Williamson PR. Comparison of protocols and registry entries to published reports for randomized controlled trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011:MR000031.
49. Dwan K, Altman DG, Arnaiz JA, Bloom J, Chan A-W, Cronin E, et al. Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. PLoS One 2008;3:e3081.
50. GlaxoSmithKline. Public disclosure of clinical research. Global Public Policy Issues. October 2011. Disponibile a: www.gsk.com/policies/GSK-on-disclosure-of-clinical-trial-information.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
51. Turner L, Shamseer L, Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D. Does use of the CONSORT Statement impact the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials published in medical journals? A Cochrane review. Syst Rev 2012; 1:60.
2. Strengthening the credibility of clinical research. Lancet 2010;375:1225.
3. Summerskill W, Collingridge D, Frankish H. Protocols, probity, and publication. Lancet 2009;373:992.
4. Jones G, Abbasi K. Trial protocols at the BMJ. BMJ 2004;329:1360.
5. Groves T. Let SPIRIT take you... towards much clearer trial protocols. BMJ Group Blogs. 25 September 2009. Disponibile a: http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2009/09/25/trish-groves-let-spirit-take-you-towards-much-clearer-trial-protocols. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
6. Altman DG, Furberg CD, Grimshaw JM, Rothwell PM. Lead editorial: trials-using the opportunities of electronic publishing to improve the reporting of randomised trials. Trials 2006;7:6.
7. Turner EH. A taxpayer-funded clinical trials registry and results database. PLoS Med 2004;1:e60.
8. Coultas D. Ethical considerations in the interpretation and communication of clinical trial results. Proc Am Thorac Soc.2007;4:194-8.
9. Siegel JP. Editorial review of protocols for clinical trials. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1355.
10. Murray GD. Research governance must focus on research training. BMJ 2001;322:1461-2.
11. Chan A-W. Access to clinical trial data. BMJ 2011;342:d80.
12. Miller JD. Registering clinical trial results: the next step. JAMA 2010;303:773-4.
13. Krleža-Jeric K, Chan A-W, Dickersin K, Sim I, Grimshaw J, Gluud C. Principles for international registration of protocol information and results from human trials of health related interventions: Ottawa statement (part 1). BMJ 2005;330:956-8.
14. Lassere M, Johnson K. The power of the protocol. Lancet 2002;360: 1620-2.
15. Getz KA, Zuckerman R, Cropp AB, Hindle AL, Krauss R, Kaitin KI. Measuring the incidence, causes, and repercussions of protocol amendments. Drug Inf J 2011;45:265-75.
16. Public Citizen Health Research Group v. Food and Drug Administration, 964 F Supp. 413 (DDC 1997).
17. Tetzlaff JM, Chan A-W, Kitchen J, Sampson M, Tricco A, Moher D. Guidelines for randomized clinical trial protocol content: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2012;1:43.
18. Chan A-W, Hro´bjartsson A, Haahr MT, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG. Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: comparison of protocols to published articles. JAMA 2004;291:2457-65.
19. Smyth RM, Kirkham JJ, Jacoby A, Altman DG, Gamble C, Williamson PR. Frequency and reasons for outcome reporting bias in clinical trials: interviews with trialists. BMJ 2011;342:c7153.
20. Pildal J, Chan A-W, Hro´bjartsson A, Forfang E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC. Comparison of descriptions of allocation concealment in trial protocols and the published reports: cohort study. BMJ 2005;330:1049.
21. Mhaskar R, Djulbegovic B, Magazin A, Soares HP, Kumar A. Published methodological quality of randomized controlled trials does not re?ect the actual quality assessed in protocols. J Clin Epidemiol 2012;65:602-9.
22. Hro´bjartsson A, Pildal J, Chan A-W, Haahr MT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC. Reporting on blinding in trial protocols and corresponding publications was often inadequate but rarely contradictory. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:967-73.
23. Scharf O, Colevas AD. Adverse event reporting in publications compared with sponsor database for cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3933-8.
24. Chan A-W, Hro´bjartsson A, Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG. Discrepancies in sample size calculations and data analyses reported in randomized trials: comparison of publications with protocols. BMJ 2008;337:a2299.
25. Al-Marzouki S, Roberts I, Evans S, Marshall T. Selective reporting in clinical trials: analysis of trial protocols accepted by The Lancet. Lancet 2008;372:201.
26. Herna´ndez AV, Steyerberg EW, Taylor GS, Marmarou A, Habbema JD, Maas AI. Subgroup analysis and covariate adjustment in randomized clinical trials of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Neurosurgery 2005;57:124453.
27. Gøtzsche PC, Hro´bjartsson A, Johansen HK, Haahr MT, Altman DG, Chan A-W. Constraints on publication rights in industry-initiated clinical trials. JAMA 2006;295:1645-6.
28. Gøtzsche PC, Hro´bjartsson A, Johansen HK, Haahr MT, Altman DG, Chan A-W. Ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials. PLoS Med 2007;4:e19.
29. Lundh A, Krogsbøll LT, Gøtzsche PC. Access to data in industry-sponsored trials. Lancet. 2011;378:1995-6.
30. Hopewell S, Dutton S, Yu LM, Chan A-W, Altman DG. The quality of reports of randomised trials in 2000 and 2006: comparative study of articles indexed in PubMed. BMJ 2010;340:c723.
31. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ 2013;346:e7586.
32. Moher D, Schulz KF, Simera I, Altman DG. Guidance for developers of health research reporting guidelines. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000217.
33. Tetzlaff JM, Moher D, Chan A-W. Developing a guideline for clinical trial protocol content: Delphi consensus survey. Trials 2012;13:176.
34. World Medical Association. WMA Declaration of Helsinki-Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Disponibile a: www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index.html. UYltimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
35. International Conference on Harmonisation. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: General Considerations for Clinical Trials: E8. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 17 July 1997. Disponibile a: www.ich.org/?leadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Ef?cacy/E8/Step4/E8_Guideline.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
36. International Conference on Harmonisation. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: E9. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 5 February 1998. Disponibile a: www.ich.org/?leadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Ef?cacy/E9/Step4/E9_Guideline.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
37. International Conference on Harmonisation. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Guideline for Good Clinical Practice: E6. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 10 June 1996. Disponibile a: www.ich.org/?leadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Ef?cacy/E6_R1/Step4/E6_R1__Guideline.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
38. Grimes DA, Hubacher D, Nanda K, Schulz KF, Moher D, Altman DG. The Good Clinical Practice guideline: a bronze standard for clinical research. Lancet 2005;366:172-4.
39. Sim I, Chan A-W, Gu¨lmezoglu AM, Evans T, Pang T. Clinical trial registration: transparency is the watchword. Lancet 2006;367:1631-3.
40. Laine C, De Angelis C, Delamothe T, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, Haug C, et al. Clinical trial registration: looking back and moving ahead. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:275-7.
41. Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, HR 2580, 110th Congress, 1st Sess, Title VIII, §801 (2007). Expanded Clinical Trial Registry Data Bank. Disponibile a: www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill_h110-3580. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
42. European Commission. Communication from the Commission regarding the guideline on the data ?elds contained in the clinical trials database provided for in Article 11 of Directive 2001/20/EC to be included in the database on medicinal products provided for in Article 57 of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 (2008/C 168/02). Of?cial Journal of the European Union. 2008;51:3-4.
43. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D; CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:726-32.
44. National Research Council. A National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century: Reinvigorating the NCI Cooperative Group Program. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.
45. Chan A-W. Out of sight but not out of mind: how to search for unpublished clinical trial evidence. BMJ 2012;344:d8013.
46. Wieseler B, Kerekes MF, Vervoelgyi V, McGauran N, Kaiser T. Impact of document type on reporting quality of clinical drug trials: a comparison of registry reports, clinical study reports, and journal publications. BMJ 2012;344: d8141.
47. Reveiz L, Chan A-W, Krleža-Jeric K, Granados CE, Pinart M, Etxeandia I, et al. Reporting of methodologic information on trial registries for quality assessment: a study of trial records retrieved from the WHO search portal. PLoS One 2010;5:e12484.
48. Dwan K, Altman DG, Cresswell L, Blundell M, Gamble CL, Williamson PR. Comparison of protocols and registry entries to published reports for randomized controlled trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011:MR000031.
49. Dwan K, Altman DG, Arnaiz JA, Bloom J, Chan A-W, Cronin E, et al. Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. PLoS One 2008;3:e3081.
50. GlaxoSmithKline. Public disclosure of clinical research. Global Public Policy Issues. October 2011. Disponibile a: www.gsk.com/policies/GSK-on-disclosure-of-clinical-trial-information.pdf. Ultimo accesso: 30 agosto 2016.
51. Turner L, Shamseer L, Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D. Does use of the CONSORT Statement impact the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials published in medical journals? A Cochrane review. Syst Rev 2012; 1:60.